Oxford University Press RUBI Manual and Parent Workbook
Bearss K, Johnson C, Handen B, Butter E, Lecavalier L, Smith T, Scahill, L. (2018). Parent Training for Disruptive Behavior: The RUBI Autism Network [Clinician Manual]. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bearss K, Johnson C, Handen B, Butter E, Lecavalier L, Smith T, Scahill, L. (2018). Parent Training for Disruptive Behavior: The RUBI Autism Network [Parent Workbook]. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
RUBI Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Bearss K, Lecavalier L, Minshawi N, et al. Toward an exportable parent training program for disruptive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychiatry. 2013;3:169-180.
Bearss K, Burrell TL, Stewart L, Scahill L. Parent training in autism spectrum disorder: What’s in a name? Clin Child Fam Psych. 2015 Jun;18(2):170-82.
Postorino V, Sharp WG, McCracken CE, Bearss K, Burrell TL, Evans AN & Scahill L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of parent training for disruptive behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2017 December:20(4):391-402.
RUBI Randomized Clinical Trials
Aman MG, McDougle CJ, Scahill L, et al. Medication and parent training in children with pervasive developmental disorders and serious behavior problems: Results from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:1143-1154.
Bearss K, Johnson C, Smith T, Lecavalier L, Swiezy N, Aman M, McAdam DB, Butter E, Stillitano C, Minshawi N, Sukhodolsky D, Mruzek DW, Turner K, Neal T, Hallett V, Mulick JA, Green B, Handen B, Deng Y, Dziura J, Scahill L. Effect of parent training versus parent education on behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized clinical trial. 2015;313(15):1524-1533.
Handen, B. L., Aman, M. G., Arnold, L. E., Hyman, S. L., Tumuluru, R., Lecavalier, L., . . . Smith, T. (2015). Atomoxetine, parent training and their combination in children with autism spectrum and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(11), 905-915. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.08.013
RUBI Case Study, Open-label and Pilot Randomized Trials
Johnson CR, Handen BL, Butter E, et al. Development of a parent training program for children with pervasive developmental disorders. Behav Interv. 2007;22:201-221.
Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Parent training for children with pervasive developmental disorders: A Multi-site feasibility trial. Behav Interv. 2007;22:179-199.
Bearss K, Johnson C, Handen B, Smith T, Scahill L. A pilot study of parent training in young children with autism spectrum disorders and disruptive behavior. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43:829-840.
Hampton LH, Stern YS, Fipp-Rosenfield H, Bearss K, Roberts MY. Parent-Implemented Positive Behavior Support Strategies for Young Children on the Autism Spectrum: A Pilot Investigation. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2022 May 11;65(5):1921-1938. doi: 10.1044/2022_JSLHR-21-00361. Epub 2022 Apr 8. PMID: 35394818; PMCID: PMC9559662.
RUBI Moderators
Farmer C, Lecavalier L, Yu S, et al. Predictors and moderators of response to behavioral treatment in children with autism spectrum disorders and serious behavioral problems. J Autism Dev Dis.2012;42:1037-1044.
Lecavalier L, Smith T, Johnson C, Bearss K, Swiezy N, Aman MG, Sukhodolsky DG, Deng Y, Dziura J, Scahill L. (2017). Moderators of the efficacy of parent training for disruptive behaviors in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017 August;45(6):1235-1245.
RUBI Adaptive Functioning
Scahill L, McDougle CJ, Aman MG, et al. Effects of risperidone and parent training on adaptive functioning in children with pervasive developmental disorders and serious behavioral problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.2012;51(2):136-146.
Scahill L, Bearss K, Lecavalier L, Smith T, Swiezy N, Aman M, Sukhodolsky D, McCracken C, Minshawi N, Turner K, Levato L, Saulnier C, Dziura J, Johnson C. Effect of Parent Training on Adaptive Behavior in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Disruptive Behavior: Results of a randomized trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 July; 55(7):602-609.
RUBI Impact on Parenting Factors
Iadarola S, Levato L, Harrison B, Smith T, Lecavalier L, Johnson C, Swiezy N, Bearss K, & Scahill L. Teaching parents behavioral strategies for ASD: Effects on stress, strain, and competence. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018 Apr;48(4):1031-1040.
RUBI Behavioral Observation
Handen BL, Johnson CR, Butter EM, et al. Use of a Direct Observational Measure in a Trial of Risperidone and Parent Training in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal Intell Dev Dis. 2013;25:355-371.
Swiezy N, Smith T, Johnson CR, Bearss K, Lecavalier L, Drill R, Warner D, Deng Y, Xu Y, Dziura J, Handen B, Scahill L. Direct observation in a large-scale randomized trial of parent training in children with autism spectrum disorder and disruptive behavior. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2021 Nov;89:101879. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101879. Epub 2021 Nov 11. PMID: 34950225; PMCID: PMC8691726.
RUBI Linguistic and Cultural Adaptations
Maldonado AF, Jensen RL, Fischer AJ. Cultural and linguistic adaptations: Equitable accessibility to an evidence-based intervention for diverse caregivers. Ciencias de la Conducta, 2023, 38, 41-55.
Lee JD, Kang VY, Kim G, Jung S, Joo S, Kim H, Son J, Bearss K. Cultural Adaptation of RUBI Intervention with Korean Families (K-RUBI): A Mixed Method Study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2024 Oct 26. doi: 10.1007/s10803-024-06599-6. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39460841.
RUBI in Groups
Edwards GS, Zlomke KR, Greathouse AD. RUBI parent training as a group intervention for children with autism: A community pilot study. 2019. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 66,101409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101409.
Burrell L, Postorino V, Rea H, Scahill L, Bearss K. Feasibility of group parent training for children with autism spectrum disorder and disruptive behavior: A demonstration pilot. J Autism Dev Disord, J Autism Dev Disord. 2020 Nov;50(11):3883-3894.
RUBI via Telehealth
Bearss K, Burrell TL, Challa A, Postorino V, Gillespie SE, Crooks C, Scahill L. Parent training via telehealth for children with autism spectrum disorder and disruptive behavior: A demonstration pilot. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018 Apr;48(4):1020-1030.
Shanok, N, Brooker Lozott E, Sotelo M, Bearss K. Community-based parent-training for disruptive behaviors in children with ASD using synchronous telehealth services: A pilot study. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2021;88:101861.
Graucher, T., Sinai-Gavrilov, Y., Mor, Y., Netzer, S., Cohen, E. Y., Levi, L., Avtalion, T. B., & Koller, J. (2022). From clinic room to Zoom: Delivery of an evidence-based, parent-mediated intervention in the community before and during the pandemic. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(12), 5222–5231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05592-1
Gould, K., Martin, R. J., Bottini, S., Crowley-Zalaket, J., Losh, A., McCammon, M., Wolgemuth, J. R., & Anderson, C. (2024). Behavioral Parent Training Via Telehealth for Autistic Children in Rural Appalachia: A Mixed Methods Feasibility Study. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 26(4), 204-217.
Martin, R.J., Crowley-Zalaket, J., Gould, K. et al. Behavioral Parent Training via Telehealth for Autistic Children: Further Exploration of Feasibility During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Adv Neurodev Disord 8, 324–337 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-023-00336-3
RUBI for Autistic Adults
Tagavi DM, Stobbe GA, Bearss K. An intervention program for families of adults on the autism spectrum: A case study. Clin Case Stud. 2024;23:3-22.
RUBI in Schools
Bearss K, Tagavi D, Lyon AR, Locke J. Iterative redesign of a caregiver-mediated intervention for use in educational settings. Autism. 2022;26:666-677. PMID: 34991353
Bearss K, Shih W, Tagavi DM, Kuo Y, Fettig A, Locke J. A Pilot Feasibility Randomized Trial of the RUBI in Educational Settings Intervention With Paraeducators Supporting Autistic Students in Public Elementary Schools. J Autism Dev Disord. 2025 Oct 15. doi: 10.1007/s10803-025-07072-8. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41091357.
Tagavi, D. M., Puga, S., Dick, C., Dahiya, A. V., Bearss, K., & Locke, J. (2025). Improving the Fit of Interventions for Autism in Schools: Lessons Learned Following Paraeducator Coaching on the RUBIES Program. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10474412.2025.2578840
RUBI in related Pediatric Populations
Stone-Heaberlin M, Blackburn A, Hoffman EK, Esbensen AJ. Feasibility study of a parent-driven intervention for youth with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2024 Sep;68(9):1077-1086. doi: 10.1111/jir.13171. Epub 2024 Jul 9. PMID: 38979764.
Jellinek ER, Duda TA, Fein RH. The RUBI Parent Training for Disruptive Behavior in a Child with Electrical Status Epilepticus in Sleep (ESES): A Case Report. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2023 Dec;30(4):770-779. doi: 10.1007/s10880-023-09949-1. Epub 2023 Feb 25. PMID: 36840783; PMCID: PMC9959946.